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Acts 7

Acts 6Acts 8

Acts 7 New English Translation (NET Bible)

Stephen’s Defense Before the Council

7 Then the high priest said, “Are these things true?”[a] 2 So he replied,[b] “Brothers and fathers, listen to me. The God of glory appeared to our forefather[c] Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he settled in Haran, 3 and said to him, ‘Go out from your country and from your relatives, and come to the land I will show you.’[d] 4 Then he went out from the country of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. After his father died, God[e] made him move[f] to this country where you now live. 5 He[g] did not give any of it to him for an inheritance,[h] not even a foot of ground,[i] yet God[j] promised to give it to him as his possession, and to his descendants after him,[k] even though Abraham[l] as yet had no child. 6 But God spoke as follows: ‘Your[m] descendants will be foreigners[n] in a foreign country, whose citizens will enslave them and mistreat them for 400 years.[o] 7 But I will punish[p] the nation they serve as slaves,’ said God, ‘and after these things they will come out of there[q] and worship[r] me in this place.’[s] 8 Then God[t] gave Abraham[u] the covenant[v] of circumcision, and so he became the father of Isaac and circumcised him when he was eight days old,[w] and Isaac became the father of[x] Jacob, and Jacob of the twelve patriarchs.[y] 9 The[z] patriarchs, because they were jealous of Joseph, sold[aa] him into Egypt. But[ab] God was with him, 10 and rescued him from all his troubles, and granted him favor and wisdom in the presence of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, who made[ac] him ruler over Egypt and over all his household. 11 Then a famine occurred throughout[ad] Egypt and Canaan, causing[ae] great suffering, and our[af] ancestors[ag] could not find food. 12 So when Jacob heard that there was grain[ah] in Egypt, he sent our ancestors[ai] there[aj] the first time. 13 On their second visit Joseph made himself known to his brothers again, and Joseph’s family[ak] became known to Pharaoh. 14 So Joseph sent a message[al] and invited[am] his father Jacob and all his relatives to come, seventy-five people[an] in all. 15 So Jacob went down to Egypt and died there,[ao] along with our ancestors,[ap] 16 and their bones[aq] were later moved to Shechem and placed in the tomb that Abraham had bought for a certain sum of money[ar] from the sons of Hamor in Shechem.

17 “But as the time drew near for God to fulfill the promise he had declared to Abraham,[as] the people increased greatly in number[at] in Egypt, 18 until another king who did not know about[au] Joseph ruled[av] over Egypt.[aw] 19 This was the one who exploited[ax] our people[ay] and was cruel to our ancestors,[az] forcing them to abandon[ba] their infants so they would die.[bb] 20 At that time Moses was born, and he was beautiful[bc] to God. For[bd] three months he was brought up in his father’s house, 21 and when he had been abandoned,[be] Pharaoh’s daughter adopted[bf] him and brought him up[bg] as her own son. 22 So Moses was trained[bh] in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was powerful[bi] in his words and deeds. 23 But when he was about forty years old, it entered his mind[bj] to visit his fellow countrymen[bk] the Israelites.[bl] 24 When[bm] he saw one of them being hurt unfairly,[bn] Moses[bo] came to his defense[bp] and avenged the person who was mistreated by striking down the Egyptian. 25 He thought his own people[bq] would understand that God was delivering them[br] through him,[bs] but they did not understand.[bt] 26 The next day Moses[bu] saw two men[bv] fighting, and tried to make peace between[bw] them, saying, ‘Men, you are brothers; why are you hurting one another?’ 27 But the man who was unfairly hurting his neighbor pushed[bx] Moses[by] aside, saying, ‘Who made[bz] you a ruler and judge over us? 28 You don’t want to kill me the way you killed the Egyptian yesterday, do you?’[ca] 29 When the man said this,[cb] Moses fled and became a foreigner[cc] in the land of Midian, where he became the father of two sons.

30 “After[cd] forty years had passed, an angel appeared to him in the desert[ce] of Mount Sinai, in the flame of a burning bush.[cf] 31 When Moses saw it, he was amazed at the sight, and when he approached to investigate, there came the voice of the Lord, 32 ‘I am the God of your forefathers,[cg] the God of Abraham, Isaac,[ch] and Jacob.’[ci] Moses began to tremble and did not dare to look more closely.[cj] 33 But the Lord said to him, ‘Take the sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.[ck] 34 I have certainly seen the suffering[cl] of my people who are in Egypt and have heard their groaning, and I have come down to rescue them.[cm] Now[cn] come, I will send you to Egypt.’[co] 35 This same[cp] Moses they had rejected, saying, ‘Who made you a ruler and judge?’[cq] God sent as both ruler and deliverer[cr] through the hand of the angel[cs] who appeared to him in the bush. 36 This man led them out, performing wonders and miraculous signs[ct] in the land of Egypt,[cu] at[cv] the Red Sea, and in the wilderness[cw] for forty years. 37 This is the Moses who said to the Israelites,[cx] ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your brothers.’[cy] 38 This is the man who was in the congregation[cz] in the wilderness[da] with the angel who spoke to him at Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors,[db] and he[dc] received living oracles[dd] to give to you.[de] 39 Our[df] ancestors[dg] were unwilling to obey[dh] him, but pushed him aside[di] and turned back to Egypt in their hearts, 40 saying to Aaron, ‘Make us gods who will go in front of us, for this Moses, who led us out of the land of Egypt[dj] —we do not know what has happened to him!’[dk] 41 At[dl] that time[dm] they made an idol in the form of a calf,[dn] brought[do] a sacrifice to the idol, and began rejoicing[dp] in the works of their hands.[dq] 42 But God turned away from them and gave them over[dr] to worship the host[ds] of heaven, as it is written in the book of the prophets: ‘It was not to me that you offered slain animals and sacrifices[dt] forty years in the wilderness, was it,[du] house of Israel? 43 But you took along the tabernacle[dv] of Moloch[dw] and the star of the[dx] god Rephan,[dy] the images you made to worship, but I will deport[dz] you beyond Babylon.’[ea] 44 Our ancestors[eb] had the tabernacle[ec] of testimony in the wilderness,[ed] just as God[ee] who spoke to Moses ordered him[ef] to make it according to the design he had seen. 45 Our[eg] ancestors[eh] received possession of it and brought it in with Joshua when they dispossessed the nations that God drove out before our ancestors,[ei] until the time[ej] of David. 46 He[ek] found favor[el] with[em] God and asked that he could[en] find a dwelling place[eo] for the house[ep] of Jacob. 47 But Solomon built a house[eq] for him. 48 Yet the Most High[er] does not live in houses made by human hands,[es] as the prophet says,

49 ‘Heaven is my throne,
and earth is the footstool for my feet.
What kind of house will you build for me, says the Lord,
or what is my resting place?[et]
50 Did my hand[eu] not make all these things?’[ev]

51 “You stubborn[ew] people, with uncircumcised[ex] hearts and ears![ey] You are always resisting the Holy Spirit, like your ancestors[ez] did! 52 Which of the prophets did your ancestors[fa] not persecute?[fb] They[fc] killed those who foretold long ago the coming of the Righteous One,[fd] whose betrayers and murderers you have now become![fe] 53 You[ff] received the law by decrees given by angels,[fg] but you did not obey[fh] it.”

Stephen is Killed

54 When they heard these things, they became furious[fi] and ground their teeth[fj] at him. 55 But Stephen,[fk] full[fl] of the Holy Spirit, looked intently[fm] toward heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing[fn] at the right hand of God. 56 “Look!” he said.[fo] “I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!” 57 But they covered their ears,[fp] shouting out with a loud voice, and rushed at him with one intent. 58 When[fq] they had driven him out of the city, they began to stone him,[fr] and the witnesses laid their cloaks[fs] at the feet of a young man named Saul. 59 They[ft] continued to stone Stephen while he prayed, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!” 60 Then he fell[fu] to his knees and cried out with a loud voice, “Lord, do not hold this sin against them!”[fv] When[fw] he had said this, he died.[fx]

Footnotes:

  1. Acts 7:1 tn Grk “If it is so concerning these things” (see BDAG 422 s.v. ἔχω 10.a for this use).
  2. Acts 7:2 tn Grk “said.”
  3. Acts 7:2 tn Or “ancestor”; Grk “father.”
  4. Acts 7:3 sn A quotation from Gen 12:1.
  5. Acts 7:4 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  6. Acts 7:4 tn The translation “made him move” for the verb μετοικίζω (metoikizō) is given by L&N 85.83. The verb has the idea of “resettling” someone (BDAG 643 s.v.); see v. 43, where it reappears.
  7. Acts 7:5 tn Grk “And he.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  8. Acts 7:5 tn Grk “He did not give him an inheritance in it.” This could be understood to mean that God did not give something else to Abraham as an inheritance while he was living there. The point of the text is that God did not give any of the land to him as an inheritance, and the translation makes this clear.
  9. Acts 7:5 tn Grk “a step of a foot” (cf. Deut 2:5).
  10. Acts 7:5 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  11. Acts 7:5 sn An allusion to Gen 12:7; 13:15; 15:2, 18; 17:8; 24:7; 48:4. On the theological importance of the promise and to his descendants after him, see Rom 4 and Gal 3.
  12. Acts 7:5 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  13. Acts 7:6 tn Grk “that his”; the discourse switches from indirect to direct with the following verbs. For consistency the entire quotation is treated as second person direct discourse in the translation.
  14. Acts 7:6 tn Or “will be strangers,” that is, one who lives as a noncitizen of a foreign country.
  15. Acts 7:6 sn A quotation from Gen 15:13. Exod 12:40 specifies the sojourn as 430 years.
  16. Acts 7:7 tn BDAG 568 s.v. κρίνω 5.b.α states, “Oft. the emphasis is unmistakably laid upon that which follows the Divine Judge’s verdict, upon the condemnation or punishment: condemn, punish…Ac 7:7 (Gen 15:14).”
  17. Acts 7:7 tn The words “of there” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.sn A quotation from Gen 15:14.
  18. Acts 7:7 tn Or “and serve,” but with religious/cultic overtones (BDAG 587 s.v. λατρεύω).
  19. Acts 7:7 sn An allusion to Exod 3:12.
  20. Acts 7:8 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  21. Acts 7:8 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  22. Acts 7:8 sn God gave…the covenant. Note how the covenant of promise came before Abraham’s entry into the land and before the building of the temple.
  23. Acts 7:8 tn Grk “circumcised him on the eighth day,” but many modern readers will not understand that this procedure was done on the eighth day after birth. The temporal clause “when he was eight days old” conveys this idea more clearly. See Gen 17:11-12.
  24. Acts 7:8 tn The words “became the father of” are not in the Greek text due to an ellipsis, but must be supplied for the English translation. The ellipsis picks up the verb from the previous clause describing how Abraham fathered Isaac.
  25. Acts 7:8 sn The twelve patriarchs refers to the twelve sons of Jacob, the famous ancestors of the Jewish race (see Gen 35:23-26).
  26. Acts 7:9 tn Grk “And the.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  27. Acts 7:9 tn The meaning “sell” for the middle voice of ἀποδίδωμι (apodidōmi) is given by BDAG 110 s.v. 5.a. See Gen 37:12-36, esp. v. 28.
  28. Acts 7:9 tn Though the Greek term here is καί (kai), in context this remark is clearly contrastive: Despite the malicious act, God was present and protected Joseph.
  29. Acts 7:10 tn Or “appointed.” See Gen 41:41-43.
  30. Acts 7:11 tn Grk “came upon all Egypt.”
  31. Acts 7:11 tn Grk “and,” but logically causal.
  32. Acts 7:11 sn Our. Stephen spoke of “our” ancestors (Grk “fathers”) in an inclusive sense throughout the speech until his rebuke in v. 51, where the nation does what “your” ancestors did, at which point an exclusive pronoun is used. This serves to emphasize the rebuke.
  33. Acts 7:11 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  34. Acts 7:12 tn Or possibly “food,” since in a number of extrabiblical contexts the phrase σιτία καὶ ποτά (sitia kai pota) means “food and drink,” where solid food is contrasted with liquid nourishment (L&N 3.42).
  35. Acts 7:12 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  36. Acts 7:12 tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
  37. Acts 7:13 tn BDAG 194 s.v. γένος 2. gives “family, relatives” here; another alternative is “race” (see v. 19).
  38. Acts 7:14 tn The words “a message” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.
  39. Acts 7:14 tn Or “Joseph had his father summoned” (BDAG 121 s.v. ἀποστέλλω 2.b).
  40. Acts 7:14 tn Grk “souls” (here an idiom for the whole person).
  41. Acts 7:15 tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
  42. Acts 7:15 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  43. Acts 7:16 tn “and they.”
  44. Acts 7:16 sn See Gen 49:29-32.
  45. Acts 7:17 tn Grk “But as the time for the fulfillment of the promise drew near that God had declared to Abraham.” The order of the clauses has been rearranged to improve English style. See vv. 6-7 above.
  46. Acts 7:17 tn Grk “the people increased and multiplied.”
  47. Acts 7:18 tn Or simply “did not know.” However, in this context the point is that the new king knew nothing about Joseph, not whether he had known him personally (which is the way “did not know Joseph” could be understood).
  48. Acts 7:18 tn Grk “arose,” but in this context it clearly refers to a king assuming power.
  49. Acts 7:18 sn A quotation from Exod 1:8.
  50. Acts 7:19 tn According to L&N 88.147 it is also possible to translate κατασοφισάμενος (katasophisamenos) as “took advantage by clever words” or “persuaded by sweet talk.”
  51. Acts 7:19 tn Or “race.”
  52. Acts 7:19 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  53. Acts 7:19 tn Or “expose” (BDAG 303 s.v. ἔκθετος).
  54. Acts 7:19 tn Grk “so that they could not be kept alive,” but in this context the phrase may be translated either “so that they would not continue to live,” or “so that they would die” (L&N 23.89).
  55. Acts 7:20 tn Or “was well-formed before God,” or “was well-pleasing to God” (BDAG 145 s.v. ἀστεῖος suggests the meaning is more like “well-bred” as far as God was concerned; see Exod 2:2).
  56. Acts 7:20 tn Grk “who was brought up for three months.” The continuation of the sentence as a relative clause is awkward in English, so a new sentence was started in the translation by changing the relative pronoun to a regular pronoun (“he”).
  57. Acts 7:21 tn Or “exposed” (see v. 19).
  58. Acts 7:21 tn Grk “Pharaoh’s daughter took him up for herself.” According to BDAG 64 s.v. ἀναιρέω, “The pap. exx. involve exposed children taken up and reared as slaves…The rendering ‘adopt’ lacks philological precision and can be used only in a loose sense (as NRSV), esp. when Gr-Rom. terminology relating to adoption procedures is taken into account.” In this instance both the immediate context and the OT account (Exod 2:3-10) do support the normal sense of the English word “adopt,” although it should not be understood to refer to a technical, legal event.
  59. Acts 7:21 tn Or “and reared him” (BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατρέφω b).
  60. Acts 7:22 tn Or “instructed.”
  61. Acts 7:22 tn Or “was able” (BDAG 264 s.v. δυνατός 1.b.α).
  62. Acts 7:23 tn Grk “heart.”
  63. Acts 7:23 tn Grk “brothers.” The translation “compatriot” is given by BDAG 18-19 s.v. ἀδελφός 2.b.
  64. Acts 7:23 tn Grk “the sons of Israel.”
  65. Acts 7:24 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  66. Acts 7:24 tn “Hurt unfairly” conveys a better sense of the seriousness of the offense against the Israelite than “treated unfairly,” which can sometimes refer to slight offenses, or “wronged,” which can refer to offenses that do not involve personal violence, as this one probably did.
  67. Acts 7:24 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  68. Acts 7:24 tn Or “he defended,” “he retaliated” (BDAG 55 s.v. ἀμύνομαι).
  69. Acts 7:25 tn Grk “his brothers.”
  70. Acts 7:25 tn Grk “was granting them deliverance.” The narrator explains that this act pictured what Moses could do for his people.
  71. Acts 7:25 tn Grk “by his hand,” where the hand is a metaphor for the entire person.
  72. Acts 7:25 sn They did not understand. Here is the theme of the speech. The people did not understand what God was doing through those he chose. They made the same mistake with Joseph at first. See Acts 3:17; 13:27. There is good precedent for this kind of challenging review of history in the ancient scriptures: Ps 106:6-46; Ezek 20; and Neh 9:6-38.
  73. Acts 7:26 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  74. Acts 7:26 tn Grk “saw them”; the context makes clear that two individuals were involved (v. 27).
  75. Acts 7:26 tn Or “tried to reconcile” (BDAG 964-65 s.v. συναλλάσσω).
  76. Acts 7:27 tn Or “repudiated Moses,” “rejected Moses” (BDAG 126-27 s.v. ἀπωθέω 2).
  77. Acts 7:27 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  78. Acts 7:27 tn Or “appointed.”
  79. Acts 7:28 tn The Greek construction anticipates a negative reply which is indicated in the translation by the ‘tag’ at the end, “do you?” sn A quotation from Exod 2:14. Even though a negative reply was expected, the question still frightened Moses enough to flee, because he knew his deed had become known. This understanding is based on the Greek text, not the Hebrew of the original setting. Yet the negative here expresses the fact that Moses did not want to kill the other man. Once again the people have badly misunderstood the situation.
  80. Acts 7:29 tn Grk “At this word,” which could be translated either “when the man said this” or “when Moses heard this.” Since λόγος (logos) refers to the remark made by the Israelite, this translation has followed the first option.
  81. Acts 7:29 tn Or “resident alien.” Traditionally πάροικος (paroikos) has been translated “stranger” or “alien,” but the level of specificity employed with “foreigner” or “resident alien” is now necessary in contemporary English because a “stranger” is a person not acquainted with someone, while an “alien” can suggest science fiction imagery.
  82. Acts 7:30 tn Grk “And after.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and contemporary English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  83. Acts 7:30 tn Or “wilderness.”
  84. Acts 7:30 sn An allusion to Exod 3:2.
  85. Acts 7:32 tn Or “ancestors”; Grk “fathers.”
  86. Acts 7:32 tn Grk “and Isaac,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
  87. Acts 7:32 sn A quotation from Exod 3:6. The phrase suggests the God of promise, the God of the nation.
  88. Acts 7:32 tn Or “to investigate,” “to contemplate” (BDAG 522 s.v. κατανοέω 2).
  89. Acts 7:33 sn A quotation from Exod 3:5. The phrase holy ground points to the fact that God is not limited to a particular locale. The place where he is active in revealing himself is a holy place.
  90. Acts 7:34 tn Or “mistreatment.”
  91. Acts 7:34 tn Or “to set them free.”
  92. Acts 7:34 tn Grk “And now.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  93. Acts 7:34 sn A quotation from Exod 3:7-8, 10.
  94. Acts 7:35 sn This same. The reference to “this one” occurs five times in this speech. It is the way the other speeches in Acts refer to Jesus (e.g., Acts 2:23).
  95. Acts 7:35 sn A quotation from Exod 2:14 (see Acts 7:27). God saw Moses very differently than the people of the nation did. The reference to a ruler and a judge suggests that Stephen set up a comparison between Moses and Jesus, but he never finished his speech to make the point. The reader of Acts, however, knowing the other sermons in the book, recognizes that the rejection of Jesus is the counterpoint.
  96. Acts 7:35 tn Or “liberator.” The meaning “liberator” for λυτρωτήν (lutrōtēn) is given in L&N 37.129: “a person who liberates or releases others.”
  97. Acts 7:35 tn Or simply “through the angel.” Here the “hand” could be understood as a figure for the person or the power of the angel himself. The remark about the angel appearing fits the first century Jewish view that God appears to no one (John 1:14-18; Gal 3:19; Deut 33:2 LXX).
  98. Acts 7:36 tn Here the context indicates the miraculous nature of the signs mentioned.sn Performing wonders and miraculous signs. Again Moses acted like Jesus. The phrase appears 9 times in Acts (2:19, 22, 43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 7:36; 14:3; 15:12).
  99. Acts 7:36 tn Or simply “in Egypt.” The phrase “the land of” could be omitted as unnecessary or redundant.
  100. Acts 7:36 tn Grk “and at,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
  101. Acts 7:36 tn Or “desert.”
  102. Acts 7:37 tn Grk “to the sons of Israel.”
  103. Acts 7:37 sn A quotation from Deut 18:15. This quotation sets up Jesus as the “leader-prophet” like Moses (Acts 3:22; Luke 9:35).
  104. Acts 7:38 tn This term, ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia), is a secular use of the term that came to mean “church” in the epistles. Here a reference to an assembly is all that is intended.
  105. Acts 7:38 tn Or “desert.”
  106. Acts 7:38 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  107. Acts 7:38 tn Grk “fathers, who.” The relative pronoun was replaced by the pronoun “he” and a new clause introduced by “and” was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style.
  108. Acts 7:38 tn Or “messages.” This is an allusion to the law given to Moses.
  109. Acts 7:38 tc ‡ The first person pronoun ἡμῖν (hēmin, “to us”) is read by A C D E Ψ 33 1739 M lat sy, while the second person pronoun ὑμῖν (humin, “to you”) is read by P74 א B 36 453 al co. The second person pronoun thus has significantly better external support. As well, ὑμῖν is a harder reading in this context, both because it is surrounded by first person pronouns and because Stephen perhaps “does not wish to disassociate himself from those who received God’s revelation in the past, but only from those who misinterpreted and disobeyed that revelation” (TCGNT 307). At the same time, Stephen does associate himself to some degree with his disobedient ancestors in v. 39, suggesting that the decisive break does not really come until v. 51 (where both his present audience and their ancestors are viewed as rebellious). Thus, both externally and internally ὑμῖν is the preferred reading.
  110. Acts 7:39 tn Grk “whom our.” The continuation of the sentence as a relative clause is awkward in English, so a new sentence was started in the translation at this point.
  111. Acts 7:39 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  112. Acts 7:39 sn To obey. Again the theme of the speech is noted. The nation disobeyed the way of God and opted for Egypt over the promised land.
  113. Acts 7:39 sn Pushed him aside. This is the second time Moses is “pushed aside” in Stephen’s account (see v. 27).
  114. Acts 7:40 tn Or simply “of Egypt.” The phrase “the land of” could be omitted as unnecessary or redundant.
  115. Acts 7:40 sn A quotation from Exod 32:1, 23. Doubt (we do not know what has happened to him) expresses itself in unfaithful action. The act is in contrast to God’s promise in Exod 23:20.
  116. Acts 7:41 tn Grk “And.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  117. Acts 7:41 tn Grk “In those days.”
  118. Acts 7:41 tn Or “a bull calf” (see Exod 32:4-6). The term μοσχοποιέω (moschopoieō) occurs only in Christian writings according to BDAG 660 s.v.
  119. Acts 7:41 tn Grk “and brought,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
  120. Acts 7:41 tn The imperfect verb εὐφραίνοντο (euphrainonto) has been translated ingressively. See BDAG 414-15 s.v. εὐφραίνω 2.
  121. Acts 7:41 tn Or “in what they had done.”
  122. Acts 7:42 sn The expression and gave them over suggests similarities to the judgment on the nations described by Paul in Rom 1:18-32.
  123. Acts 7:42 tn Or “stars.”sn To worship the hosts of heaven. Their action violated Deut 4:19; 17:2-5. See Ps 106:36-43.
  124. Acts 7:42 tn The two terms for sacrifices “semantically reinforce one another and are here combined essentially for emphasis” (L&N 53.20).
  125. Acts 7:42 tn The Greek construction anticipates a negative reply which is indicated in the translation by the ‘tag’ question, “was it?”
  126. Acts 7:43 tn Or “tent.”sn A tabernacle was a tent used to house religious objects or a shrine (i.e., a portable sanctuary).
  127. Acts 7:43 sn Moloch was a Canaanite deity who was believed to be the god of the sky and the sun.
  128. Acts 7:43 tc ‡ Most mss, including several significant ones (P74 א A C E Ψ 33 1739 M h p vg syh mae bo Cyr), have ὑμῶν (humōn, “your”) here, in conformity with the LXX of Amos 5:26. But other significant and diverse witnesses lack the pronoun: The lack of ὑμῶν in B D 36 453 gig syp sa Irlat Or is difficult to explain if it is not the autographic wording here. NA28 has the word in brackets, indicating some doubt as to its authenticity.
  129. Acts 7:43 sn Rephan (῾Ραιφάν, Rhaiphan) was a pagan deity. The term was a name for Saturn. It was variously spelled in the mss (BDAG 903 s.v. has Rompha as an alternate spelling). The references cover a range of deities and a history of unfaithfulness.
  130. Acts 7:43 tn Or “I will make you move.”
  131. Acts 7:43 sn A quotation from Amos 5:25-27. This constituted a prediction of the exile.
  132. Acts 7:44 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  133. Acts 7:44 tn Or “tent.”sn The tabernacle was the tent used to house the ark of the covenant before the construction of Solomon’s temple. This is where God was believed to reside, yet the people were still unfaithful.
  134. Acts 7:44 tn Or “desert.”
  135. Acts 7:44 tn Grk “the one”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  136. Acts 7:44 tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
  137. Acts 7:45 tn Grk “And.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  138. Acts 7:45 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  139. Acts 7:45 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”sn Before our ancestors. Stephen has backtracked here to point out how faithful God had been before the constant move to idolatry just noted.
  140. Acts 7:45 tn Grk “In those days.”
  141. Acts 7:46 tn Grk “David, who” The relative pronoun was replaced by the pronoun “he” and a new sentence was begun in the translation at this point to improve the English style.
  142. Acts 7:46 tn Or “grace.”
  143. Acts 7:46 tn Grk “before,” “in the presence of.”
  144. Acts 7:46 tn The words “that he could” are not in the Greek text, but are implied as the (understood) subject of the infinitive εὑρεῖν (heurein). This understands David’s request as asking that he might find the dwelling place. The other possibility would be to supply “that God” as the subject of the infinitive: “and asked that God find a dwelling place.” Unfortunately this problem is complicated by the extremely difficult problem with the Greek text in the following phrase (“house of Jacob” vs. “God of Jacob”).
  145. Acts 7:46 tn On this term see BDAG 929 s.v. σκήνωμα a (Ps 132:5).
  146. Acts 7:46 tc Some mss read θεῷ (theō, “God”) here, a variant much easier to understand in the context. The reading “God” is supported by א2 A C E Ψ 33 1739 M lat sy co. The more difficult οἴκῳ (oikō, “house”) is supported by P74 א* B D H 049. Thus the second reading is preferred both externally because of better ms evidence and internally because it is hard to see how a copyist finding the reading “God” would change it to “house,” while it is easy to see how (given the LXX of Ps 132:5) a copyist might assimilate the reading and change “house” to “God.” However, some scholars think the reading “house” is so difficult as to be unacceptable. Others (like Lachmann and Hort) resorted to conjectural emendation at this point. Others (Ropes) sought an answer in an underlying Aramaic expression. Not everyone thinks the reading “house” is too difficult to be accepted as original (see Lake and Cadbury). A. F. J. Klijn, “Stephen’s Speech—Acts vii.2-53, ” NTS 4 (1957): 25-31, compared the idea of a “house within the house of Israel” with the Manual of Discipline from Qumran, a possible parallel that seems to support the reading “house” as authentic. (For the more detailed discussion from which this note was derived, see TCGNT 308-9.)
  147. Acts 7:47 sn See 1 Kgs 8:1-21.
  148. Acts 7:48 sn The title the Most High points to God’s majesty (Heb 7:1; Luke 1:32, 35; Acts 16:7).
  149. Acts 7:48 sn The phrase made by human hands is negative in the NT: Mark 14:58; Acts 17:24; Eph 2:11; Heb 9:11, 24. It suggests “man-made” or “impermanent.” The rebuke is like parts of the Hebrew scripture where the rebuke is not of the temple, but for making too much of it (1 Kgs 8:27; Isa 57:15; 1 Chr 6:8; Jer 7:1-34).
  150. Acts 7:49 sn What kind…resting place? The rhetorical questions suggest mere human beings cannot build a house to contain God.
  151. Acts 7:50 tn Or “Did I.” The phrase “my hand” is ultimately a metaphor for God himself.
  152. Acts 7:50 tn The question in Greek introduced with οὐχί (ouchi) expects a positive reply.sn A quotation from Isa 66:1-2. If God made the heavens, how can a human building contain him?
  153. Acts 7:51 sn Traditionally, “stiff-necked people.” Now the critique begins in earnest.
  154. Acts 7:51 tn The term ἀπερίτμητοι (aperitmētoi, “uncircumcised”) is a NT hapax legomenon (occurs only once). See BDAG 101-2 s.v. ἀπερίτμητος and Isa 52:1.
  155. Acts 7:51 tn Or “You stubborn and obstinate people!” (The phrase “uncircumcised hearts and ears” is another figure for stubbornness.)
  156. Acts 7:51 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  157. Acts 7:52 tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
  158. Acts 7:52 sn Which…persecute. The rhetorical question suggests they persecuted them all.
  159. Acts 7:52 tn Grk “And they.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
  160. Acts 7:52 sn The Righteous One is a reference to Jesus Christ.
  161. Acts 7:52 sn Whose betrayers and murderers you have now become. The harsh critique has OT precedent (1 Kgs 19:10-14; Neh 9:26; 2 Chr 36:16).
  162. Acts 7:53 tn Grk “whose betrayers and murderers you have now become, who received the law” The two consecutive relative clauses make for awkward English style, so the second was begun as a new sentence with the pronoun “You” supplied in place of the Greek relative pronoun to make a complete sentence in English.
  163. Acts 7:53 tn Traditionally, “as ordained by angels,” but εἰς (eis) with the accusative here should be understood as instrumental (a substitute for ἐν [en]); so BDAG 291 s.v. εἰς 9, BDF §206. Thus the phrase literally means “received the law by the decrees [orders] of angels” with the genitive understood as a subjective genitive, that is, the angels gave the decrees.sn Decrees given by angels. According to Jewish traditions in the first century, the law of Moses was mediated through angels. See also the note on “angel” in 7:35.
  164. Acts 7:53 tn The Greek word φυλάσσω (phulassō, traditionally translated “keep”) in this context connotes preservation of and devotion to an object as well as obedience.
  165. Acts 7:54 tn This verb, which also occurs in Acts 5:33, means “cut to the quick” or “deeply infuriated” (BDAG 235 s.v. διαπρίω).
  166. Acts 7:54 tn Or “they gnashed their teeth.” This idiom is a picture of violent rage (BDAG 184 s.v. βρύχω). See also Ps 35:16.
  167. Acts 7:55 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Stephen) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  168. Acts 7:55 tn Grk “being full,” but the participle ὑπάρχων (huparchōn) has not been translated since it would be redundant in English.
  169. Acts 7:55 tn Grk “looking intently toward heaven, saw.” The participle ἀτενίσας (atenisas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
  170. Acts 7:55 sn The picture of Jesus standing (rather than seated) probably indicates his rising to receive his child. By announcing his vision, Stephen thoroughly offended his audience, who believed no one could share God’s place in heaven. The phrase is a variation on Ps 110:1.
  171. Acts 7:56 tn Grk “And he said, ‘Look!’” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
  172. Acts 7:57 sn They covered their ears to avoid hearing what they considered to be blasphemy.
  173. Acts 7:58 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
  174. Acts 7:58 sn They began to stone him. The irony of the scene is that the people do exactly what the speech complains about in v. 52.
  175. Acts 7:58 tn Or “outer garments.”sn Laid their cloaks. The outer garment, or cloak, was taken off and laid aside to leave the arms free (in this case for throwing stones).
  176. Acts 7:59 tn Grk “And they.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
  177. Acts 7:60 tn Grk “Then falling to his knees he cried out.” The participle θείς (theis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
  178. Acts 7:60 sn The remarks Lord Jesus, receive my spirit and Lord, do not hold this sin against them recall statements Jesus made on the cross (Luke 23:34, 46).
  179. Acts 7:60 tn Grk “And when.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English style to use shorter sentences, καί (kai) has not been translated here; a new sentence is begun instead.
  180. Acts 7:60 tn The verb κοιμάω (koimaō) literally means “sleep,” but it is often used in the Bible as a euphemism for the death of a believer.
New English Translation (NET)

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Acts 7 New International Version (NIV)

Stephen’s Speech to the Sanhedrin

7 Then the high priest asked Stephen, “Are these charges true?”

2 To this he replied: “Brothers and fathers, listen to me! The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham while he was still in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Harran. 3 ‘Leave your country and your people,’ God said, ‘and go to the land I will show you.’[a]

4 “So he left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Harran. After the death of his father, God sent him to this land where you are now living. 5 He gave him no inheritance here, not even enough ground to set his foot on. But God promised him that he and his descendants after him would possess the land, even though at that time Abraham had no child. 6 God spoke to him in this way: ‘For four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated. 7 But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves,’ God said, ‘and afterward they will come out of that country and worship me in this place.’[b] 8 Then he gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision. And Abraham became the father of Isaac and circumcised him eight days after his birth. Later Isaac became the father of Jacob, and Jacob became the father of the twelve patriarchs.

9 “Because the patriarchs were jealous of Joseph, they sold him as a slave into Egypt. But God was with him 10 and rescued him from all his troubles. He gave Joseph wisdom and enabled him to gain the goodwill of Pharaoh king of Egypt. So Pharaoh made him ruler over Egypt and all his palace.

11 “Then a famine struck all Egypt and Canaan, bringing great suffering, and our ancestors could not find food. 12 When Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent our forefathers on their first visit. 13 On their second visit, Joseph told his brothers who he was, and Pharaoh learned about Joseph’s family. 14 After this, Joseph sent for his father Jacob and his whole family, seventy-five in all. 15 Then Jacob went down to Egypt, where he and our ancestors died. 16 Their bodies were brought back to Shechem and placed in the tomb that Abraham had bought from the sons of Hamor at Shechem for a certain sum of money.

17 “As the time drew near for God to fulfill his promise to Abraham, the number of our people in Egypt had greatly increased. 18 Then ‘a new king, to whom Joseph meant nothing, came to power in Egypt.’[c] 19 He dealt treacherously with our people and oppressed our ancestors by forcing them to throw out their newborn babies so that they would die.

20 “At that time Moses was born, and he was no ordinary child.[d] For three months he was cared for by his family. 21 When he was placed outside, Pharaoh’s daughter took him and brought him up as her own son. 22 Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was powerful in speech and action.

23 “When Moses was forty years old, he decided to visit his own people, the Israelites. 24 He saw one of them being mistreated by an Egyptian, so he went to his defense and avenged him by killing the Egyptian. 25 Moses thought that his own people would realize that God was using him to rescue them, but they did not. 26 The next day Moses came upon two Israelites who were fighting. He tried to reconcile them by saying, ‘Men, you are brothers; why do you want to hurt each other?’

27 “But the man who was mistreating the other pushed Moses aside and said, ‘Who made you ruler and judge over us? 28 Are you thinking of killing me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?’[e] 29 When Moses heard this, he fled to Midian, where he settled as a foreigner and had two sons.

30 “After forty years had passed, an angel appeared to Moses in the flames of a burning bush in the desert near Mount Sinai. 31 When he saw this, he was amazed at the sight. As he went over to get a closer look, he heard the Lord say: 32 ‘I am the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.’[f] Moses trembled with fear and did not dare to look.

33 “Then the Lord said to him, ‘Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. 34 I have indeed seen the oppression of my people in Egypt. I have heard their groaning and have come down to set them free. Now come, I will send you back to Egypt.’[g]

35 “This is the same Moses they had rejected with the words, ‘Who made you ruler and judge?’ He was sent to be their ruler and deliverer by God himself, through the angel who appeared to him in the bush. 36 He led them out of Egypt and performed wonders and signs in Egypt, at the Red Sea and for forty years in the wilderness.

37 “This is the Moses who told the Israelites, ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from your own people.’[h] 38 He was in the assembly in the wilderness, with the angel who spoke to him on Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors; and he received living words to pass on to us.

39 “But our ancestors refused to obey him. Instead, they rejected him and in their hearts turned back to Egypt. 40 They told Aaron, ‘Make us gods who will go before us. As for this fellow Moses who led us out of Egypt—we don’t know what has happened to him!’[i] 41 That was the time they made an idol in the form of a calf. They brought sacrifices to it and reveled in what their own hands had made. 42 But God turned away from them and gave them over to the worship of the sun, moon and stars. This agrees with what is written in the book of the prophets:

“‘Did you bring me sacrifices and offerings
    forty years in the wilderness, people of Israel?
43 You have taken up the tabernacle of Molek
    and the star of your god Rephan,
    the idols you made to worship.
Therefore I will send you into exile’[j] beyond Babylon.

44 “Our ancestors had the tabernacle of the covenant law with them in the wilderness. It had been made as God directed Moses, according to the pattern he had seen. 45 After receiving the tabernacle, our ancestors under Joshua brought it with them when they took the land from the nations God drove out before them. It remained in the land until the time of David, 46 who enjoyed God’s favor and asked that he might provide a dwelling place for the God of Jacob.[k] 47 But it was Solomon who built a house for him.

48 “However, the Most High does not live in houses made by human hands. As the prophet says:

49 “‘Heaven is my throne,
    and the earth is my footstool.
What kind of house will you build for me?
says the Lord.
    Or where will my resting place be?
50 Has not my hand made all these things?’[l]

51 “You stiff-necked people! Your hearts and ears are still uncircumcised. You are just like your ancestors: You always resist the Holy Spirit! 52 Was there ever a prophet your ancestors did not persecute? They even killed those who predicted the coming of the Righteous One. And now you have betrayed and murdered him— 53 you who have received the law that was given through angels but have not obeyed it.”

The Stoning of Stephen

54 When the members of the Sanhedrin heard this, they were furious and gnashed their teeth at him. 55 But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit, looked up to heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God. 56 “Look,” he said, “I see heaven open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God.”

57 At this they covered their ears and, yelling at the top of their voices, they all rushed at him, 58 dragged him out of the city and began to stone him. Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their coats at the feet of a young man named Saul.

59 While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.” 60 Then he fell on his knees and cried out, “Lord, do not hold this sin against them.” When he had said this, he fell asleep.

Footnotes:

  1. Acts 7:3 Gen. 12:1
  2. Acts 7:7 Gen. 15:13,14
  3. Acts 7:18 Exodus 1:8
  4. Acts 7:20 Or was fair in the sight of God
  5. Acts 7:28 Exodus 2:14
  6. Acts 7:32 Exodus 3:6
  7. Acts 7:34 Exodus 3:5,7,8,10
  8. Acts 7:37 Deut. 18:15
  9. Acts 7:40 Exodus 32:1
  10. Acts 7:43 Amos 5:25-27 (see Septuagint)
  11. Acts 7:46 Some early manuscripts the house of Jacob
  12. Acts 7:50 Isaiah 66:1,2
New International Version (NIV)

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