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18 Now Mount Sinai was completely enveloped in smoke, because the Lord had come down upon it in fire. The smoke rose from it as though from a kiln, and the whole mountain trembled violently.

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18 Mount Sinai was covered with smoke,(A) because the Lord descended on it in fire.(B) The smoke billowed up from it like smoke from a furnace,(C) and the whole mountain[a] trembled(D) violently.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 19:18 Most Hebrew manuscripts; a few Hebrew manuscripts and Septuagint and all the people

[a](A)Lord, when you went out from Seir,
    when you marched from the plains of Edom,
The earth shook, the heavens poured,
    the clouds poured rain,
The mountains streamed,
    before the Lord, the One of Sinai,
    before the Lord, the God of Israel.

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Footnotes

  1. 5:4–5 The Lord himself marches to war in support of Israel. Storm and earthquake are part of the traditional imagery of theophany; cf. Ex 19:16, 18–20; Dt 33:2–3; Ps 18:7–15; 77:17–20; 144:5–7.

“When you, Lord, went out(A) from Seir,(B)
    when you marched from the land of Edom,
the earth shook,(C) the heavens poured,
    the clouds poured down water.(D)
The mountains quaked(E) before the Lord, the One of Sinai,
    before the Lord, the God of Israel.

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The earth quaked, the heavens poured,
    before God, the One of Sinai,
    before God, the God of Israel.

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You gave abundant showers,(A) O God;
    you refreshed your weary inheritance.

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For thus says the Lord of hosts:[a]

In just a little while,
    I will shake the heavens and the earth,(A)
    the sea and the dry land.

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Footnotes

  1. 2:6–9 These verses emphasize that the total fulfillment of God’s promises to Israel is on the horizon. Such an eschatological event, which will shake the nations (v. 6; cf. v. 21), finds an echo not only in the political revolts in the Persian empire in 521 but also in the formative events of Israel’s history (Ex 19:18; Jgs 5:4; Ps 68:8–9) when God intervened on behalf of the Israelites. The bringing of treasures of all the nations (v. 7) to Jerusalem recalls the visionary passages of Isaiah of the pilgrimage of all nations to Jerusalem (Is 2:2–4; 60:6–9).

“This is what the Lord Almighty says: ‘In a little while(A) I will once more shake the heavens and the earth,(B) the sea and the dry land.

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