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15 [a]As I looked at the living creatures, I saw wheels on the ground, one alongside each of the four living creatures.(A) 16 The wheels and their construction sparkled like yellow topaz, and all four of them looked the same: their construction seemed as though one wheel was inside the other. 17 When they moved, they went in any of the four directions without veering as they moved. 18 (B)The four of them had rims, high and fearsome—eyes filled the four rims all around. 19 When the living creatures moved, the wheels moved with them; and when the living creatures were raised from the ground, the wheels also were raised. 20 Wherever the spirit would go, they went. And they were raised up together with the living creatures, for the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.

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Footnotes

  1. 1:15–21 The repetitions and inconsistencies in the description of the wheels and the direction of their movements evoke the vision’s mysterious quality and emphasize the difficulty of describing the divine world in human language.

15 As I looked at the living creatures,(A) I saw a wheel(B) on the ground beside each creature with its four faces. 16 This was the appearance and structure of the wheels: They sparkled like topaz,(C) and all four looked alike. Each appeared to be made like a wheel intersecting a wheel. 17 As they moved, they would go in any one of the four directions the creatures faced; the wheels did not change direction(D) as the creatures went. 18 Their rims were high and awesome, and all four rims were full of eyes(E) all around.

19 When the living creatures moved, the wheels beside them moved; and when the living creatures rose from the ground, the wheels also rose. 20 Wherever the spirit would go, they would go,(F) and the wheels would rise along with them, because the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.

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(A)In front of the throne was something that resembled a sea of glass like crystal.[a]

In the center and around the throne, there were four living creatures covered with eyes in front and in back. The first creature resembled a lion, the second was like a calf, the third had a face like that of a human being, and the fourth looked like an eagle[b] in flight. The four living creatures, each of them with six wings,[c] were covered with eyes inside and out. Day and night they do not stop exclaiming:

“Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God almighty,
    who was, and who is, and who is to come.”(B)

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Footnotes

  1. 4:6 A sea of glass like crystal: an image adapted from Ez 1:22–26. Four living creatures: these are symbols taken from Ez 1:5–21; they are identified as cherubim in Ez 10:20. Covered with eyes: these suggest God’s knowledge and concern.
  2. 4:7 Lion…calf…human being…eagle: these symbolize, respectively, what is noblest, strongest, wisest, and swiftest in creation. Calf: traditionally translated “ox,” the Greek word refers to a heifer or young bull. Since the second century, these four creatures have been used as symbols of the evangelists Mark, Luke, Matthew, and John, respectively.
  3. 4:8 Six wings: like the seraphim of Is 6:2.

Also in front of the throne there was what looked like a sea of glass,(A) clear as crystal.

In the center, around the throne, were four living creatures,(B) and they were covered with eyes, in front and in back.(C) The first living creature was like a lion, the second was like an ox, the third had a face like a man, the fourth was like a flying eagle.(D) Each of the four living creatures(E) had six wings(F) and was covered with eyes all around,(G) even under its wings. Day and night(H) they never stop saying:

“‘Holy, holy, holy

is the Lord God Almighty,’[a](I)

who was, and is, and is to come.”(J)

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Footnotes

  1. Revelation 4:8 Isaiah 6:3