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[a]Ephraim shepherds the wind,
    and pursues the east wind all day long.
He multiplies lies and violence:
    They make a covenant with Assyria,
    and oil is carried to Egypt.

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Footnotes

  1. 12:2 Hosea frequently condemns the alliances with Assyria and Egypt, the two world powers (7:8–16).

The Lord has a charge(A) to bring against Judah;(B)
    he will punish(C) Jacob[a] according to his ways
    and repay him according to his deeds.(D)

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Footnotes

  1. Hosea 12:2 Jacob means he grasps the heel, a Hebrew idiom for he takes advantage of or he deceives.