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10 And not only that, but Rebekah became pregnant by one man, her husband Isaac. 11 Yet even before her children had been born or done anything good or bad, in order that God’s purpose of election might prevail, 12 dependent not on human works but on his call, she was told, “The older shall serve the younger.” 13 As it is written,

“I loved Jacob,
    but Esau I hated.”[a]

14 Has God Been Unjust?[b]What then are we to say to that? Has God been unjust? Of course not! 15 For he says to Moses,

“I will have mercy
    on whomever I will have mercy,
and I will have pity
    on whomever I will have pity.”

16 Therefore, it does not depend on anyone’s will or exertion but on God’s mercy.

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Footnotes

  1. Romans 9:13 Hated: in the Biblical sense of the word, that is, “I preferred Jacob.”
  2. Romans 9:14 Paul thinks with astonishment of the unforeseeable calls of God, who chooses individuals and people from the midst of a sinful world. The image of the potter signifies in the Bible the sovereign freedom of God that defies all expectations. The texts from Hosea (2:25 and 11:10) spoke of the conversion of Israel; Paul interprets them as proclamations of an unprecedented initiative of God: the call of the Gentiles.